Phrasal Verbs
1. To be (was/were)
To be about – быть поблизости, неподалёку
To be against– быть против
To be back – вернуться
To be behind – иметь задолженность
To be for – быть за, поддерживать
To be in – быть в помещении (дома, на работе)
To be off – быть свободным от работы, отмененным
To be on – идти, демонстрироваться (о фильме)
To be out / away – уйти, отсутствовать на месте
To be over – закончиться
To be through – завершить ч - л
To be up – встать, проснуться / истечь (о времени)
To be up to… - зависеть от к - л
“The lesson is …”, the teacher said.
An interesting film is …at our club.
Are you…or …this idea?
She is… in the rent for her flat.
The flight was…and the passengers were sitting in the terminal.
Can you tell me when he’ll be…?
Sorry, Ann is … at the moment.
We’ll be…with this work in 2 days.
Your time is…, start your answer.
I’ve just seen him, he must be somewhere …
I can’t help, it’s …you to solve this problem.
2. To break (broke / broken)
1. To break down – сломаться , выйти из строя
2. To break off – обрывать, внезапно прекращать
3. To break out – неожиданно начаться, вспыхнуть (о пожаре, войне, ссоре)
4. To break up – прекращать занятия, закрываться / разгонять, расходиться
5. To break with – отказаться от ч-л, порвать с к-л
1) It’s difficult for him to break…his old bad habits.
2) The machine has broken…
3) The lyceum will break… in June.
4) A fire broke …during the night.
5) They broke …the conversation.
3. To bring (brought / brought)
1. To bring about – вызвать, стать причиной (ссоры)
2. To bring back – напомнить ч - л
3. To bring down – снижать (цену / отметку)
4. To bring in – внести ч-л, / приносить доход / упоминать, приводить
5. To bring out – публиковать, выпускать в свет / выявлять
6. To bring over – переубедить
7. To bring round – приходить в себя
8. To bring up – воспитывать
1) She brought…four children.
2) It’s not an easy thing to bring him…
3) Nobody could guess what brought…the quarrel.
4) The story brought …the days of their friendship.
5) A glass of cold water soon brought her…
6) When are they going to bring… your new book?
7) These mistakes have brought…your mark.
8) Don’t forget to bring… the suitcase.
9) You should bring…all the details.
10) I don’t know how much the new factory will bring…
4. To call
1. To call at – заезжать , заходить
2. To call for – требовать, взывать к ч-л
3. To call in – вызывать, приглашать для консультации
4. To call off – отменять
5. To call on – заходить к к - л
6. To call out – объявлять, выкрикивать
7. To call to – кричать к-л
8. To call up – звонить / призывать в армию
9. To call upon / on - обращаться к к-л., призывать
1) The committee called… the workers to stop the strike.
2) He called… gardener to open the gates.
3) He will call…the office later.
4) When did he call …you last?
5) When the son got ill, they called…the doctor.
6) I’ll call…him and we’ll go to the party.
7) The flight was called…
8) He called…each name twice.
9) Young people are called…at the age of 18.
5. To clear
1. To clear away – убрать со стола
2. To clear out – очищать, убирать
3. To clear up – приводить в порядок / выяснить / проясняться (о погоде)
1) Let’s wait till the weather clears …
2) Who will clear the table…?
3) I think he has already cleared everything…
4) The room needs clearing…after the party.
6 . To come (came / come)
To come across – случайно встретиться, натолкнуться на ч-л
To come along – идти с к-л, сопровождать
To come back – вернуться
To come from – быть родом
To come down – снижаться
To come in – войти
To come off – оторваться, отлететь
To come on – пойдём , Come on! – Живей ! / Вперёд ! ( на стадионе )
To come out – появляться в печати
To come over – охватить, овладеть / прийти в голову
To come to … - прийти в голову (об идее)
To come up with - придумать идею , план
To come up – приближаться, подходить
Suddenly a fear came …me.
Come… or we’ll be late!
He came …a brilliant idea.
When does her new book come…?
May I come…?
Where did you come…?
A very interesting idea came … my mind.
I came …this book in a little shop.
Come …here. I want to talk to you.
Come… with us, or you’ll miss the bus.
The button has come… my coat.
The plane came…and the passengers got off.
When did she come…from her trip?
7. To cut (cut / cut)
1.To cut down – сокращать , урезать
2. To cut in – вмешиваться , вставлять замечания
3. To cut off – разъединять , отрезать , выключать
4. To cut out – вырезать, кроить / выбрасывать
5. To cut out for - быть созданным для ч-л
1) Не is cut…for an actor.
2) We have to cut…our expenses.
3) The electricity was cut…for several hours.
4) Stop cutting…with your remarks.
5) She has already cut…her skirt.
6) The editor cut…the last paragraph.
8. To do (did/done)
To do away with – покончить с ч - л
To do out – убрать , вычистить
To do up – застёгивать , прихорашиваться
To do with – хотеть , нуждаться
To do without – обойтись без ч - л
I think we can do… a dictionary.
I am hungry, I could do…a sandwich.
Jane did herself…for the party.
Dan never did… his coat, even in winter.
She is doing …her house for the birthday party.
It won’t be easy to do …with this bad habit.
9. To fall (fell / fallen)
1. To fall back - отступать
2. To fall behind – отставать , запаздывать
3. To fall off – уменьшаться
4. To fall on - нападать на к-л
5. To fall out with – ссориться
6. To fall through – потерпеть неудачу
1) He fell …with his family and went away.
2) The output has been falling …for 2 months.
3) The troops had to fall …
4) All their plans fell …because she had fallen ill.
5) He fell…the others to write a dictation.
6) When I told that I wouldn’t do it, they all fell…me.
10. To find(found / found)
To find fault with – придираться к к - л
To find oneself – найти себя(свой талант)
To find out – выяснять , обнаруживать
You can’t trust him until you find everything…
He found… after graduating from the university.
She’s unpleasant. She always finds… people.
11. To get (got / got)
To get about – ездить , путешествовать
To get along / on with – жить / поживать / ладить с к - л
To get at – добраться до
To get away – уходить, убегать, спастись
To get smth back – получить ч-л назад, вернуться
To get down – приняться за ч-л
To get off = out of – сойти , слезть ( о транспорте )
To get on / in / into – сесть на (о транспорте) / в машину
To get over – выздороветь, оправиться после болезни
To get through – преодолеть ч-л, закончить дело, сдать экзамен
To get together – собираться, встречаться
To get up – вставать, подниматься
We got… the seaside early in the morning.
If he gets … early, he’ll come on time.
Get… this bus and get … in 5 stops.
The woman has got… her bag after the flight.
The students have got … all the exams and went home.
It was too hard for her to get… after the illness.
The more we get .., the happier we’ll be.
My aunt got…the world on board the ship.
How do they get…? Pretty well.
A thief couldn’t get… from the police.
They got …to work and did everything quickly.
12. To give (gave / given)
To give away – отдавать / раздавать, дарить
To give back – возвращать
To give in – уступать
To give out – раздавать ( учебники )
To give up – отказаться от ч-л
1) He had to give… smoking as he got sick.
2) Give …the textbooks.
3) They gave… their food for free at the funfair.
4) “I give…”, said the boy.
5) Give me…the book in 2 days, please.
13. To go (went / gone)
To go about – распространяться
To go by – проходить (о времени)
To go by – ездить на к-л виде транспорта
To go in for – заниматься / увлекаться
To go off – погаснуть / испортиться
To go on – продолжать
To go out – уйти из дома
To go through – испытать, пережить
To go with – гармонировать, подходить к ч-л
To go without – обойтись без ч - л
Your handbag should go…your gloves and shoes.
Mike doesn’t go…sports.
She went …, time was going …but nobody saw her anymore.
The news went … very quickly.
My grandparents have gone … lots of hardships during the war.
5) The meeting went…. for 2 hours.
6) The lights went… and the film began.
7) I think that to go there …train will be more comfortable.
8) You may take this book. I can easily go …it for a month.
14. To hold (held / held)
1. To hold back – прятать , сдерживать
2. To hold on – подождать у телефона(не вешать трубку)
3. To hold out – держаться, упорствовать
4. To hold up – останавливать, задерживать
1) The partisans hold …for 6 days.
2) The policeman hold…the traffic.
3) She could hardly hold …the tears.
4) Hold…! Mr.Smith will speak to you!
15. To keep (kept / kept)
1. To keep at – настойчиво делать ч - л
2. To keep away – держаться в стороне от ч-л
3. To keep back – задерживать, скрывать ч-л
4. To keep from – воздерживаться от ч-л
5. To keep in – не выходить, оставаться в помещении
6. To keep off – не затрагивать, воздерживаться от ч-л
7. To keep on – продолжать делать ч-л
8.To keep out of – не вмешиваться
9. To keep to – придерживаться ч-л
10. To keep up with – не отставать от, держаться наравне
1) After his illness the boy couldn’t keep …with the class.
2) Keep …it, my boy!
3) You should keep…playing football.
4) The doctor advised him to keep…meat for some time.
5) They were kept …by a heavy rain.
6) You should keep your car…
7) I’ll keep …nothing from you.
8) Keep…with this work.
9) Keep …the topic of the conversation.
10) You’d better keep …the quarrel.
16. To let (let/let)
1. To let down – подвести к - л , оставить в беде
2. To let in – впускать
3. To let into – посвящать в тайну
4. To let off – отпустить, освободить от ч-л
5. To let on – выдать секрет
6. To let out – выпустить ч - л ( воду )
1) Don’t let… about his arrival.
2) If you don’t tell the truth, you will let me … badly.
3) Let the water …of the bath-tub.
4) Let the cat…, please.
5) They let him…with a fine.
6) I am not going to let her…the secret.
17. To look
To look after - заботиться, ухаживать за к-л, ч-л
To look around – осмотреться
To look at - смотреть на
To look back – вспоминать ч - л
To look down on smb . – смотреть свысока на к-л
To look for – искать
To look forward to – ждать с нетерпением ч-л
To look in – навещать, заходить
Look out! – Осторожно ! Берегись!
To look through – просматривать ч-л с целью поиска информации
To look up – искать, смотреть (в словаре)
Look…! There is a car coming.
Could you look … my dog while I am on vacation.
I’ll look…and see you next week.
If you don’t know the word, look it … in the dictionary.
Have you seen my mobile phone? I’m looking … it everywhere.
Look … this picture, please.
I looked …and saw many beautiful pictures.
He is so arrogant: he always looks …all the people.
I‘ve looked… lots of books so as to write a report.
At the end of the letter we usually write: “I’m looking…to seeing you soon”.
My granny likes to look…the old photos in the album and looks …the past.
18. To make (made / made)
1. To make for – содействовать , способствовать ч - л
2. To make out – разобрать (на слух или зрительно), понять, уяснить
3. To make up – составить, приготовить
4. To make up to - заискивать перед к-л
1) It’s difficult to make …the meaning of the sentence.
2) This work will make …good relations between our countries.
3) Nobody respects those who make …to influential people.
4) Make… a dialogue, please.
19. To put (put / put)
To put aside – отложить (в сторону)
To put away – убирать , прятать
To put back – ставить на место
To put down – записывать
To put forward – предложить (идею)
To put off – отложить / задержать
To put on – надевать одежду / обувь
To put on weight – толстеть , набирать вес
To put out – потушить ( огонь )
To put up – вывешивать (объявление)
To put up with – примириться с к-л
Close your books and put them…
The teachers will put a notice…about the new courses.
I don’t want to put…any more weight!
Can you put the book …when you have finished with it?
He is very active: he always puts… a lot of new ideas.
Take your notebooks and put…all the words that are on the board.
Mr. White put …his trip to Washington until next month.
Mary is not ready yet. She hasn’t put her dress …
Never put … till tomorrow what you can do today.
The boys put …quickly after the quarrel.
My mother puts all warm clothes…in summer.
It took three fire fighters to put the fire…
2 0. To run (ran / run)
To run after – преследовать к-л
To run away – сбежать, уклоняться, избегать ч-л
To run down – остановиться (о часах)
To run into – случайно встретиться с к-л
To run off – убежать (о жидкости)
To run out of – закончиться, истощить запас ч-л
To run over – задавить (транспортом)
To run the business / the financial side – вести бизнес / финансовые дела
Mr. Brown is the owner of the restaurant, and his wife runs...
The police officers were running…the criminal, and he couldn’t run …from them.
3) Yesterday I ran…my friend whom I haven’t seen since we left school.
4) Why are you so upset? – My kitten was run… by a car.
5) I’ll have to go to the baker’s as we’ve run…of bread.
6) The milk has run…, I have to clean the stove.
7) My watch ran… and I was late for my classes.
21. To see (saw/seen)
1. To see about – позаботиться о ч - л , навести справки
2. To see off – провожать отъезжающих
3. To see out - проводить из помещения
4. To see to – присмотреть за ч-л
1) Will you see me…?
2) He promised to see … the matter.
3) I’ll see…your luggage.
4) We’ll see you… at the airport.
22. To set (set/set)
1. To set about – начинать , приступать
2. To set aside – откладывать
3. To set in – наступить , начаться
4. To set off / out – отправляться
5. To set up – воздвигать
1) They set…on a trip.
2) He set…building his summer house.
3) The monument was set …in the centre of the town.
4) Winter sets…very early in this place.
5) I’ve set... some books for you.
23. To take (took / taken)
To take after – быть похожим на
To take away – уносить , забирать
To take back – возвращать
To take a bus – сесть на …
To take down – снять (со стены, полки) / записывать под диктовку
To take off – снять (одежду, обувь) / оторваться от земли, взлететь
To take pictures – фотографировать
To take over – брать под управление
To take up – браться за ч-л
The shop has been taken… by a foreign company,
The son took …his father .
You should take the book… to the library in a week.
I’ve taken … stamp collecting and it’s really interesting.
He took the picture … and gave it to me.
Don’t take …your sweater, it’s cold.
We took… and got off in 10 minutes.
Let’s watch the planes taking …while we wait.
Have they taken the things …?
He is a talented photographer, he has been taking…from his childhood.
24. To talk
1. To talk back – возражать , дерзить
2. To talk into – уговорить
3. To talk out of – отговорить
4. To talk over – обсудить
1) Let’s talk this…
2) Don’t talk…!
3) He talked his son … it.
4) He talked his parents …buying a new bicycle.
25.To turn
To turn around - оглянуться
To turn back –
Знание фразовых глаголов и их правильное использование отличает человека, говорящего по-английски от человека, хорошо говорящего по-английски, и, в свою очередь человека, хорошо говорящего по-английски от виртуоза. Фразовые глаголы – явление повседневной разговорной речи, поэтому, если вы хотите понимать носителей английского языка и общаться с ними на равных – обязательно освойте несколько десятков глаголов.
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3. Упражнения и тесты по фразовым глаголам 1
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Другой замечательный сайт, посвящённый фразовым глаголам с объяснениями и упражнениями – от самых простых до самых сложных случаев.
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Фразовым глаголом в английском языке называется комбинация глагола, предлога и/или наречия.
Есть три варианта подобных комбинаций:
- глагол + ;
- глагол + ;
- + наречие + предлог.
Такое сочетание обладает единым значением и выполняет роль одного члена предложения. Такие комбинации в английском языке очень распространены и являются неотъемлемой частью разговорного стиля речи. В большинстве случаев к ним можно подобрать более «официальный» синоним.
В качестве основы таких сочетаний выступает ограниченное число глаголов ( , go, bring, look, pull, put и т. д.). Все они имеют собственное, основное значение, указанное в словаре и часто известное даже новичкам. Трудность состоит в том, что становясь частью фразового глагола, они могут совершенно изменить привычное значение.
Одним из глаголов, образующих подобные сочетания, является глагол get . Выступая в качестве самостоятельной единицы, он имеет множество значений, а становясь частью фразового глагола, образует большое количество комбинаций, значительно расширяя спектр возможных значений.
Основные значения глагола get
Для начала рассмотрим основные, словарные значения глагола get. Не стоит забывать, что он относится к группе неправильных.
Get , прош. вр. got , прич. прош. вр. got (US gotten )
Внимательно взглянув на приведённые толкования этого глагола, можно разделить их на три основные группы для лучшего запоминания:
- получить/завладеть (без усилий или приложив некоторые усилия);
- изменить состояние (об окружающей среде, предметах, человеке);
- изменить положение в пространстве (собственное или чего-либо ещё).
Список фразовых глаголов, образованных от get, насчитывает несколько десятков. Запомнить их все, разумеется, сложно. Одно и та же комбинация может иметь несколько значений.
Ниже приведены основные, которые встречаются наиболее часто:
Фразовый глагол get - упражнения на закрепление
Поставить в предложения нужный фразовый глагол. В некоторых случаях возможны несколько вариантов:
Такое количество значений может показаться невероятно трудным для запоминания. Но в реальности это совсем не так сложно.
Ускорить процесс поможет выполнение следующих советов:
- Хорошо знать значение английских предлогов (down, under, up, around и т. д.) В этом случае часто возможно просто догадаться о значении фразового глагола из контекста.
- Выполнять упражнения, в которых нужно выбрать подходящий фразовый глагол. Это поможет привязать их к контексту и облегчить запоминание.
- Как можно больше читать и слушать материалов на английском языке , особенно близком к разговорному ( , радио и проч.).
Ключ к заданию
1. out; 2. by; 3. over, back; 4. on/along; 5. up; 6. though; 7. back; 8. across; 9. down; 10. ahead; 11. around; 12. at; 13. around/out of; 14. out; 15. through; 16. over with; 17. back; 18. away; 19. around; 20. off; 21. away; 22. through; 23. down.
1. Поставьте в предложение подходящий фразовый глагол, используя глагол из первого столбца и необходимый предлог – из второго. Некоторые глаголы и предлоги используются не один раз. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.
Н-р: She… at 6 a. m. because her work starts early. (Она встает в 6 утра, потому что ее работа начинается рано.) – She gets up at 6 a. m. because her work starts early.
Can I… these sandals, please? (Можно примерить эти сандалии?) It’s too cold outside. … a warm coat and a hat. (На улице слишком холодно. Надень теплое пальто и шапку.) It’s too hot inside. Can I… my jacket? (В помещении слишком жарко. Могу я снять куртку?) Mary is going to become a doctor when she… . (Мэри собирается стать врачом, когда вырастет.) Don’t forget to… the light when you leave the bathroom. (Не забудь выключать свет, когда выходишь из ванной.) Please… this registration form. (Пожалуйста, заполните этот регистрационный бланк.) We’re… to meeting your wife. (Мы с нетерпением ждем встречи с твоей женой.) Ann is so tolerant and kind. She likes… children and old people. (Аня так терпелива и добра. Ей нравится ухаживать за детьми и пожилыми людьми.) …! The baby is going to fall! (Осторожно! Малыш может упасть!) Sorry. I can’t… with you tonight. I am very busy. (Извини. Я не могу пойти прогуляться с вами вечером. Я очень занят.) He is… a job as a lawyer. (Он ищет работу на должность юриста.) Bob smoked for 20 years but he… six months ago. (Боб курил 20 лет, но бросил 6 месяцев назад.) I’d like to watch the news. Could you… the TV, please? (Я бы хотел посмотреть новости. Не мог бы ты включить телевизор?) This word is new for me. I have to… it… in my dictionary. (Это слово для меня новое. Мне нужно отыскать его в словаре.) We must… our reports tomorrow morning. (Мы должны сдать наши отчеты завтра утром.) Oh god! We have… at a wrong station. (О боже! Мы высадились не на той станции.)
2. Образуйте фразовые глаголы с основой to be, подставляя предлоги из строки ниже. Поставьте подходящие по смыслу предлоги в предложения.
On up in off away up to
Н-р: Where is your brother? – He is… on holiday. (Где твой брат? – Он уехал в отпуск.) – He is away on holiday.
Can I speak to Helen, please? – Sorry, she isn’t… at the moment. (Могу я поговорить с Хелен? – Извините, ее нет на месте в данный момент.) Close the door. I am… to work. (Закрой дверь. Я ухожу на работу.) It’s your life and it’s… you: to forgive me or not. (Это твоя жизнь, и от тебя зависит: простить меня или нет.) What is… at the cinema tomorrow? (Что показывают завтра в кино?) The fish smells awful. It is… . (Рыба ужасно пахнет. Она испортилась.) Look at the window: the light is… . So your parents are… . (Посмотри на окно: свет включен. Значит, твои родители дома.) What’s… ? Why is Rachel crying? (Что случилось? Почему Рэйчел плачет?)
3. Поставьте в предложения подходящие предлоги, образуя фразовый глагол.
Hurry… ! We’ll be late for the train. (Поторопись! Мы опоздаем на поезд.) Come…! Wake… ! It’ 10 o`clock already. (Давай! Просыпайся! Уже 10 часов.) I’ve got a headache. Could you turn the music… ? (У меня болит голова. Не мог бы ты сделать музыку потише?) Your story isn’t true. You have made it… . (Твоя история лживая. Ты ее выдумал.) You shouldn’t drop the litter here. Please, pick it… . (Тебе не следует бросать здесь мусор. Пожалуйста, подними его.) I’ll try to find… the answer. (Я постараюсь разузнать ответ.) You must sort… the problem with the electricity today. (Ты должен устранить проблему с электричеством сегодня.) Put… all the fires before leaving the forest. (Потушите все костры перед тем, как уходить из леса.) Clear… the bedroom when you have finished your games. (Уберитесь в спальне, когда закончите играть.) Tom works… at the gym with great pleasure. (Том тренируется в спортзале с большим удовольствием.) Hang… , I’ll take my bag and money. (Подожди, я возьму сумку и деньги.) Go… , I’m listening to you very carefully. (Продолжай, я тебя очень внимательно слушаю.) I do hope that you will come and help me tomorrow. Don’t let me… . (Я очень надеюсь, что придешь и поможешь мне завтра. Не подводи меня.) His parents died, so his aunt brought him… . (Его родители умерли, поэтому его воспитала тетя.) Why are they going to knock… this building? (Почему они собираются сносить это здание?)
Ответы:
Try on 9. Look out Put on 10. go out Take off 11. looking for Grows up 12. gave up Turn off 13. turn on Fill in 14. look it up Looking forward 15. give in Looking after 16. got off
In 2. off 3. up to 4. on 5. off 6. on – in 7. up
Up 2. on – up 3. down 4. up 5. up 6. out 7. out 8. out
9. up 10. out 11. on 12. on 13. down 14. up 15. down
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Related topics:
- 1. Поставьте must или mustn’t. You look pale. I think you… see the doctor. It’s very slippery outside. You… run there. You… throw litter on the pavement. Children… look neat... ...
- 1. Поставьте в предложения глаголы do или make в правильной форме. This problem has nothing to… with my son. (Эта проблема не имеет ничего общего с моим сыном.) What do... ...
- 1. Переведите следующие просьбы на русский язык. Could you turn on the air-conditioning? Can I use your telephone? Will you make a cup of mint tea for me, please? Would... ...
- 1. Переведите предложения и определите значение модального глагола (способность или неспособность делать что-либо, выражение сомнения, недоумения, запрет или разрешение, вежливая просьба). You can’t be rude to your sister. Could you... ...
- 1. Переведите предложения и определите значение модального глагола (разрешение, запрет, вежливая просьба, предположение или раздражение/упрек). We were not allowed to use the car park. They might have warned me. It... ...
- 1. Поставьте недостающие формы неправильных глаголов. Инфинитив II форма глагола III форма глагола Н-р: be was/were been Become became become … began… Break… … … brought brought Buy… … Choose…... ...
- 1. Поставьте must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to или doesn’t have to. It’s a secret. You… tell it to anyone. You… respect your parents. She is very rich. She…... ...
- 1. Напишите три формы каждого глагола (Past Simple и Past Participle). To lie (лежать) – To lay (класть, стелить) – To lie (врать) – To rise (подниматься) To raise (поднимать,... ...
- 1. Выберите в скобках правильный вариант модального глагола. Переведите предложения. He… (can’t/couldn’t) open the window as it was stuck. Interpreters… (may/must) translate without dictionaries. … (Can/May) I use me your... ...
- 1. Поставьте “+” при правильном использовании “much” или “many”, поставьте “-” – при неверном. We don’t have many food in the house. I can’t give you many information about the... ...
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В процессе подготовки к олимпиадам мне пришлось решать много заданий, и я выяснил, что упражнения, проверяющие знание фразовых глаголов, являются излюбленными для составителей олимпиад. При этом в стандартном школьном учебнике можно найти лишь пару-тройку фразовых глаголов, не более. Скудость материала по данной теме натолкнула меня на мысль создать свой собственный сборник упражнений для отработки употребления фразовых глаголов. Таким образом, я поставил перед собой
цель - написать пособие для работы с фразовыми глаголами;
задачи - пользуясь разными источниками, создать пособие, делающее работу учащихся с фразовыми глаголами увлекательной и познавательной.
Для решения поставленных задач необходимо выполнить следующие шаги:
Из огромного количества фразовых глаголов отобрать те, с которыми я буду работать;
Переработать биографии нескольких выдающихся британских личностей, употребив фразовые глаголы;
Составить систему упражнений в виде собственных рассказов, в которых будет отрабатываться употребление глаголов.
Я придерживался следующей системы. Глаголы распределялись по предлогам, составлялась биография, в которой употреблялись глаголы с одним предлогом. По тому же принципу (принципу одного предлога) затем сочинялся мой собственный текст.
Annie Doris (“Dolly”) Walker-Wraight (1920-2002)
Christopher Marlowe (1564 - ?1593)
Christopher Kit Marlowe was born and brought up in a shoemaker’s family in Canterbury, in 1564. Canterbury was a city where people from all walks of life, different languages and religions mixed up , so the boy Christopher picked up some dialects and accents and incredibly funny stories, which he later used to write his plays. When he was a child, it turned out that he had amazing talents and he was sent to study in Cambridge University and soon became the most brilliant dramatist and playwright of the Elizabethan England. As an intelligencer, he regularly visited European countries where he had ample opportunities to brush up his French, Italian and Spanish. Although his intelligence work took up a lot of his time, he never gave up literary activities until his untimely death at 29 years old. It was in1593 that serious problems cropped up . He had a powerful enemy, Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift, who ordered his people to dig up information implicating Marlowe in atheism. Though some dubious facts were indeed dug up, Marlowe refused to own up to what he had not done. Fortunately, the poet had a devoted friend, his patron Thomas Walsingham, who was ready to back him up . Walsingham staged a fake death and Marlowe, no longer dressed up , but looking presumably like a sailor, escaped to the continent. Many years had elapsed before things began to look up for the exiled poet. Unable to completely bottle up his feelings, he poured them out in his immortal sonnets.
John Whitgift (1530 - 1604)
John Whitgift was the eldest son in a merchant’s family and was sent to study in St.Anthony’s school in London. His refusal to attend daily mass did not go down well with the school authorities so, branded as a heretic, he went back to his native town to lodge with his aunt. According to his earliest biography, ‘She (the aunt) thought at first she had received a saint into her house, but now she perceived he was a devil.’ Whitgift went on to study at Cambridge University where he settled down under the guidance of a leading Protestant reformer and soon wrote a doctoral dissertation on the Pope as Antichrist. When Elizabeth became the Queen, he grew in importance and in October 1583 he was made the Archbishop of Canterbury. It was then that Whitgift ruthlessly began to crack down on anyone who questioned his teachings, laid down in the Thirty-Nine Articles of faith. There were a lot of Catholics, Puritans and non-conformists who refused to back down , so Whitgift authorized torture carried out routinely in the dreaded Star Chamber. His religious statutes were so intolerant and draconian that even people from Queen Elizabeth’s closest circle wanted the Archbishop to water them down . Perhaps unsurprisingly, Elizabeth, who was not tied down with family responsibilities, called him ‘my little black husband’ and saw eye to eye with him on all religious matters. In fact, Archbishop Whitgift lived in lavish style and travelled escorted by 800 mounted horsemen. It caused criticism and in 1588 a series of brilliant satires was published under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate, in which Whitgift was ridiculed and referred to as the ‘Beelzebub of Canterbury’, ‘a monstrous Antichrist’ and ‘a most bloody tyrant’. Whitgift wanted to have Marprelate tracked down and executed. After the suspects had been narrowed down to an acceptable number, several priests and printers and sympathizers were arrested, tortured and executed. Despite all this, the Queen and the Archbishop remained true to each other. When the Queen was dying, she ordered that Whitgift should kneel down at her deathbed. Though ill, old and obese, Whitgift stayed like this for several hours until Elizabeth’s death. He survived her by one year.
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
Oliver Cromwell is both a famous and notorious English politician. He stands out as the first person who overthrew (or dethroned) the king in England. Born in 1599 into a landowner’s family, he dropped out of University following the death of his father. It should be pointed out that King Charles I imposed enormous taxes on landowners, who immediately felt the squeeze. To make matters worse, the king did not call Parliament and his power turned into a tyranny soon. When an anti-English rebellion broke out in Ireland, the king did call out Parliament, whose members demanded more powers. The furious king stormed out of London and set out to Scotland to recruit an army. The House of Commons imposed martial law and it was then that the Civil War broke out . It lasted from 1642 to 1645 and Cromwell took an active part in it as one of the commanders. According to contemporaries, he was a merciless and ruthless man, who, once he took a decision, never backed out , no matter how cruel it was. For example, Parliament influenced by Cromwell not only fell out with the king and threw him out , in 1649 the execution of the king was carried out . In 1653 Cromwell began ruling England as Lord Protector, which was in effect a sort of dictatorship. He died in 1658 and was buried with great ceremony, his funeral was pompous and elaborate like that of a king. However, Cromwell’s sins eventually overtook him. In 1661 his body was taken out of the grave for posthumous execution for high treason. His disinterred body was driven to the scaffold where it hung in chains; his head was then put on a 6-metre pole for public display.
William Blake (1757 - 1827)
William Blake was born into a family of a hosier and had a rather peaceful childhood. According to his parents, he began to have religious visions when he was 4, for example, trees filled with angels. It was probably his mother who talked his father into allowing William not to go to ordinary school, which turned his early years into really enjoyable ones. At the age of 10 he started going to a drawing school but had to give it up because his parents did not want to get into debt over his schooling. Instead, he was apprenticed to a master engraver. It was to be a highly successful professional relationship and Blake seriously intended to go into art. In 1782 Blake married an illiterate woman, named Catherine Boucher, and it was not rushing into a decision - his courtship had taken him a year. He put a lot of effort and time into teaching her to read, write and draw and she eventually became an invaluable companion and partner for him. Although William Blake came into some money after his father’s death, his family lived in relative poverty because he was largely unrecognized and his poems and pictures did not sell well if at all. Moreover, a lot of people thought him to be insane and he was misunderstood by his contemporaries. Shortly before his death, Blake was commissioned to design illustrations for Dante’s Divine Comedy. He flung himself into work and carried on even on his deathbed. 12 August 1827, on the day of his death, he was drawing feverishly in bed, when his wife, who was sitting next to him, burst into tears. It is reported that Blake noticed her tears and drew her portrait hastily and then died. Nowadays, Blake is a towering figure in English Romanticism and he is even a saint in one of the more obscure churches.
George Frideric Handel (1685 - 1759)
George Handel was born into a family of a barber but George did not take after his father and dreamed of composing and playing a musical instrument. His father was strongly opposed to the idea because he was convinced that music would hardly bring income even to get by . Nevertheless, his mother stood by him and allowed him to play the harpsichord hidden in the attic. In 1694, while he was performing on the organ at the duke’s court, he came across a composer Frideric Wilhelm Zachow. It was under Zachow’s tutelage that Handel learned to compose for the organ, the violin and the oboe. His father insisted on George’s going to university and becoming a lawyer. Although George became a student, his father’s plan fell through and George dropped out of the university. In 1703 Handel moved to Hamburg and set about not only performing on the organ, the violin and the harpsichord but also composing operas for the Hamburg Opera’s Goose Market Theatre. His very first opera was instantly successful and was followed by still more operas. Soon the news about this brilliant composer got around and he set out to tour Italy. It was in Italy that he made up his mind to try his luck in London, where he made a spectacular career. He was a prolific composer of operas and later, when Italian opera fell out of style in London, oratorios, which brought about significant changes on the London stage and immediately caught on with audiences. In 1726 he became a British citizen and began living in his adopted motherland permanently. In his later years he suffered from failing health, he survived two strokes and was gradually losing his eyesight. In some of his oratorios he managed to get across the feelings of a blind man. Until his dying day he kept on composing and performing and died on the eve on Easter. He always came across as a generous man and, being childless, he gave away all the money he had put by when he was alive. He was buried in Westminster Abbey in Poets’ Corner.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Rudyard Kipling is an English writer and poet. He was born in Bombay, India, however, he received his education in England, in a boarding school in Devon. It was there that he came up against the problems of bullying and harsh discipline but he remained a cheerful boy who managed to get on well with the headmaster. The headmaster encouraged Kipling’s literary activity and fixed him up with a job of editing the school paper. In his later years Kipling always looked back upon those years with warmth. In 1882 Rudyard returned to India to carry on with writing, but this time it was serious journalism in a number of respected newspapers. Later he moved to London, and it was there that he met a young American publisher, who, unfortunately, went down with typhoid fever and passed away . Kipling married the deceased publisher’s sister but during their honeymoon the bank where Kipling kept his money, ran out of money and went bankrupt. However, he enjoyed a married bliss in his wife’s estate in the USA. By this time, he had earned a great reputation of an imperialist writer of great talent. With every successive work, he lived up to his established reputation of an imperialist writer. However, with the outbreak of wars for independence in the colonies, he came in for a lot of criticism because he was believed to look down upon ‘lesser breeds’, i.e. the natives in the colonies. At the same time, Kipling wrote about ‘White Man’s Burden’ and was convinced that the highly developed nations should spread literacy, law and morality.
Read the story. Replace the verbs and phrases in bold with multi-part verbs
ALIVE AND KICKING
Massive investments in the city of Rosslare (1) caused building a luxurious mineral water resort for retired government workers. The resort was expected to (2) earn considerable amounts of money to the current government workers. However, only a few people (3) became involved in the festivities dedicated to its opening. To make matters worse, after the ceremony even fewer stayed on as guests. There were six of them. Sir Oliver Crunchester, a former Royal Coroner from Norwich, who was notorious for (4) introducing an entirely new system of investigation based on physiognomy. He had to (5) implement it gradually over a long period since no one shared his belief in spirits and mediums. Countess Blackcock, a former secretary to a former mayor of Norwich, the real scale of whose machinations was yet (6)to be understood as far as general public went. Doctor Dea, a renowned autopsist, who also had a private practice, where his medical powers mostly rested on skillful use of placeboes, or simply put, (7) cheating his gullible patients. Mr Black, a former sheriff of Norfolk, who could always (8) find time for his business interests despite the tight schedule of the county council. He boasted so many business connections that when he had a problem, they always (9) proved useful. Lady Hawthorn, the ex-wife of someone in the government, who was, in the opinion of the public, divorced because she never hesitated to (10) join an argument, and once there, never 11 (surrendered) . Her other fault was that she had (12) produced a tasteless poetry book about unrequited love, which immediately made both her and her husband the laughing stock of the county. There was one other man, Sir George Burnell, who occupied his insignificant position exclusively due to the protection of a relative in authority. Obviously, our characters met at the evening meal and started a conversation.
Answers: 1. resulted in, 2. bring in, 3. joined in, 4. bringing in, 5. phase it in, 6. sink in, 7. taking in, 8. fit in, 9. came in, 10. step in, 11. gave in, 12. turned in.
All the guests (1)wore very smart clothes but the problems (2)appeared almost immediately - they could hardly find a topic for general conversation. They all used to be white-collar workers except one man - the Coroner, Mr Crunchester. In their heart of hearts they all (3)admitted that his life had been far more exciting and adventurous than theirs. That’s why Mr Black’s question seemed very natural, ‘What was the most complicated crime you have ever investigated? I mean, you may have (4)discovered some skeletons in the cupboard or some such thing.’
‘There was indeed one case I found exceedingly difficult. You know, once upon a time there was a mayor. He married an extremely beautiful girl who was well (5)reared and educated . The press could hardly (6)suppress the emotions of the public since the pair was the best illustration for the fairy-tale ‘Beauty and the Beast’. Besides, the girl was said to be (7) supported by a man, much older than herself, but younger than her husband. Rumour had it that the other man had wanted to marry her. Approximately 3 months after the marriage, the spouses visited a lonely café one evening. No one knew whether it (8)occupied much of their time, because the whole staff (the owner, one waiter and the cook) left the café 10 minutes after the pair came. It was the last place they had been seen. At that time I had just started (9) learning the new method I’m famous for now but one thing was obvious to me: the mayor had been murdered. You see, he had a gold and very expensive watch that he had received upon the occasion of his 30 th anniversary. It was impossible to (10) confuseit with any other watch because of the engraving on it: ‘To T.P.P. from his friend of the Political Department’ The police had almost (11) stopped the search when a corpse of a tramp was found in another part of the city. He was mauled but guess what we found on him! The mayor’s gold watch!’
‘And where is the watch now?!’ exclaimed the whole party in unison.
Answers: 1. were dressed up, 2. cropped up, 3. owned up, 4. dug up, 5. brought up, 6. bottle up, 7. backed up, 8. took up, 9. picking up, 10. mix it up, 11. given up.
His answer (1)was notreceived well, ‘The watch was stolen by someone from the investigation team. The thief could have sold it and then (2) began a quiet life in some provincial district.’ ‘The police must have (3) found him after all ! They can always (4)take harsh measures against gangs when they want!’ Lady Blackcock exclaimed. The ex-Coroner replied, ‘Unfortunately, after we had (5) reduced the number of suspects, no one remained.’ Lady Blackcock was obliged to (6) retreat . Next morning, Lady Blackcock and Lady Hawthorn (though separately) left the hotel. Their first surprise was their accidental meeting on a ferry bound for England. Lady Blackcock began the conversation, ‘Your financial obligations do not (7) constrainyou , do they?’ Lady Hawthorn replied, ‘You know, I’ve received a letter from my poor dear aunt, where she (8) stated all her current problems and I suspect that she is in a dreadful condition because she has a habit of (9)making things seem weaker .’ ‘What a marvellous coincidence!’ Lady Blackcock ejaculated. ‘My poor uncle Henry is also at death’s door! I’m going to England to (10) go down on my knees at his deathbed!’
It was a cold day and there were no people in the street where the police headquarters were located. No people, except two elderly women who were swiftly walking towards each other without realizing this fact. At the HQ entrance Lady Blackcock and Lady Hawthorn nearly bumped into each other.
Answers : 1. did not go down well, 2. settled down, 3. tracked him down, 4. crack down on, 5. narrowed down, 6. back down, 7. tie you down, 8. laid down, 9. watering down, 10. kneel.
‘It appears to me, your aunt, sure of her own inevitable death went straight to the police headquarters to meet an autopsist!’Lady Blackcock said sardonically. Lady Hawthorn replied, ‘And your uncle, when he learnt that you had (1) started from the hotel, must have (2) lefthis house in fury and straight to the police!’ Lady Blackcock was not ready to (3) withdraw from her initial plan but she decided to tell the truth. ‘I am the wife of that mayor (Crunchester told us about) but I had always loved my real patron (remember, the coroner mentioned the man older than myself?). But then an argument (4) suddenly happened and so I (5) quarrelled with him and rashly married this mayor. I never loved him, he was ugly and stupid, that’s why I soon pleaded my patron for help. He was intending also to become a mayor and wanted (6) to get rid of my husband. He invented a cunning plan and I (7) performedit: I suggested going to this lonely café and poisoned the mayor’s tea. Then we (my patron and I) splashed the acid on my husband’s face, so no one could recognize him. Then we clothed him in a beggar’s clothes and threw his body in the gutter, and I began to work as the secretary of my patron (who became the new mayor) under another name. But it was dark at the time of that … m-m-m, well, incident, and we forgot about the gold watch!’
‘I am also here because of the watch,’ eagerly confessed lady Hawthorn. ‘It was when I had a relationship with the murdered.., sorry, the mayor you did away with, that the watch was given to him although he didn’t (8) excel as a politician at that time.’
Luck wasn’t against them when they visited the HQ. They met an old detective, who appeared to know something of the case and told them as much. The end of their conversation was very surprising.
‘So didn’t anyone (9) exhume the beggar’s body?’ The two oldies wondered.
‘No, but I want to (10) draw your attention to one fact: the autopsist who observed the beggar with the expensive watch, immediately resigned, and no one has heard of him since.’ ‘And what was his name?’‘His surname is more important. It was Dea.’
Answers : 1. set out, 2. stormed out of the house, 3. back out of, 4. broke out, 5. fell out, 6. to throw … out, 7. carried it out, 8. stand out, 9. take … out of the grave, 10. point out.
(1) Without thinking both women decided to return to Rosslare and have an interview with Dr Dea (the Coroner would have never thought his purely social chat might have caused such consequences). They went straight to his suite. ‘We know all about you! Where is the watch?!’ demanded Lady Hawthorn. Doctor Dea looked pitiable. ‘Before I tell you the answer I want to tell a true piece of autobiography. I’m not glad I (2) made a profession of medicine: I don’t have the ability for this science, though I (3) appearedin a doctors’ family. However, for years I have been deceiving my patients successfully but now I have (4) found myself in trouble since everyone knows I am a charlatan.’ ’And what has become of the watch?’ asked Lady Blackcock impatiently. ‘I have it. I’ve always wanted to sell it when I (5) no longer have money. And this moment has come’. Lady Blackcock thought it would not be difficult to (6) persuade the doctor to sell this watch. And she was right. ‘If we divide the gained money between us three, we will (7) all become rich, ’ said she and the doctor agreed. So they went to the jewelry shop.
‘I guess it’s an incredibly expensive watch. It’s made of pure gold, I wouldn’t take less than a million pounds for it,’ said the doctor, evidently concerned. The jeweler (8) exploded with laughter, ‘Stop this vacuous and irrelevant talk. It’s made of pure plastic!’ ‘I don’t think, doctor, your medical capabilities are on such a grade that you can (9) change gold to plastic. Or have you (10) starteddoing enthusiastically alchemy instead of medicine?’ Lady Blackcock said as sardonically as ever. ‘I don’t have the slightest idea, how this transformation happened,’ replied the doctor, who was indeed completely puzzled and confused. And then, suddenly, he exclaimed. ‘Why, yes, I know the cause of this! The mayor had a double, a doppelganger!’
Answers : 1. rushed into a decision, 2. went into, 3. was born into, 4. got into, 5. run out of, 6. to talk … into selling, 7. come into money, 8. burst into, 9. turn … into, 10. flung yourself into.
‘Humbug!’ Both ladies barked. ‘You must have (1) intended to go mad but we are not buying your nonsense!’ “Oh no, I know this for sure and I can prove it! Although the mayor (2) gave the impression of a most active politician, his mental health didn’t allow him to be a frequent public speaker but he had a twin brother and they looked as like as two peas and both (3) resembled their father. So, this twin had (4) not completed the university and all his investment schemes had (5) failed sohecould hardly (6) make both ends meet . However, he was sane and was capable of reading his brother’s speeches in public. Evidently, this substitution game (7) became popular with the mayor. His twin brother spoke in Parliament and the mayor (8) supported him. The gold watch was an integral part of the mayor so the double had an elaborate but plastic copy of it. I was the mayor’s personal doctor so I was in the know, besides, I (9) met the double by chance more than once.’ ‘Then the man I murdered must have been the double and my real husband may be alive! We won’t stand it! Let’s go to his old flat!’ Lady Blackcock was raving. So they (10) decided to go immediately.
The flat was luxurious and full of furniture which had (11) become unfashionable decades before. There were a lot of photos, letters and other tale-telling objects. Suddenly, Lady Hawthorn screamed, ‘What an interesting letter!’ The letter ran: ‘Dear Mr Black, I am well aware of the fact that you and my wife have tried to murder me. You may think you have succeeded but it is wishful thinking. On the contrary, I am alive and kicking and, more than that, I have the gold watch. It is difficult to (12) convey my sad feelings when I think of parting with it one day but despite the fact that I (13) continue working hard, the money I have (14) saved does not go far in satisfying all my needs. So if you want to buy an antique object, do not hesitate to contact me. Yours Sincerely, George Burnel (it is my new name).’
Answers : 1. set out, 2. came across as, 3. took after, 4. dropped out of, 5. fallen through, 6. get by, 7. caught on with, 8. stood by, 9. came across, 10. made up their minds, 11. fallen out of style, 12. get across, 13. keep on, 14. put by.
Lady Blackcock gasped, "Could it mean that my husband and my patron kept in touch after his twin brother (1)died ? That they (2)continued with their communication?! Now, when I (3)remember those dreadful events, I clearly see that the brother came to the café right after his speech in Parliament where he pretended to be my husband!’ Doctor Dea interposed, ‘As usual, your spouse (4)upheld his reputation of being a cunning devil.’ ‘Then’, said Lady Hawthorn, ‘Mr Black (Lady Blackcock’s patron, I mean) must have (5) providedthe double with a position in government!’ Lady Blackcock presumed, ‘If so, they must have (6)been friendly all this time!’ Suddenly, these presumptions (7) were criticizedby the doctor who suggested going to the hotel at once.
‘What have you been up to, all of you? I thought you might have (8) fallen ill with some viral infection, they can be deadly at our time of life!’ Sir George Burnel welcomed them in the lobby of the hotel with his characteristic joviality.
But Doctor Dea shared none of his merriment. ‘Where is the watch?’ he roared without any preliminaries. ‘Have you sold it to Mr Black, you villain?’ Burnel was as pale as a sheet. ‘No, I (9)faced some problems from the man who tracked me down and I gave him the watch free of charge.’ ‘And wasn’t that man’s name Mr Crunchester?!’ Lady Blackcock snarled. ‘How do you know?’ ‘You, scoundrel!’ screamed the whole party and rushed to the coroner who was at that moment exiting the lift.
‘I have always (10)considered the police inferior because they are the most corrupt and unscrupulous people I’ve ever come across!’ hissed Lady Hawthorn trying in vain to scratch the coroner’s eyes out.
The coroner raised his voice. ‘I’m (11) losing patience, stop these disgraceful exhibitions and listen to me! Mr Black and Mrs Blackcock, you are arrested on charges of attempted murder. Mr Dea, you are arrested on charges of charlatanism and obstruction of justice by stealing vital evidence. Mrs Hawthorn, you are arrested on charges of aiding and abetting a felony. Last but not least, Mr Burnel, you are also arrested. On what charge? We’ll come up with a charge for you later,’ said the coroner reassuringly. ‘By the way, the gold watch,’ he said mysteriously dangling the said object in front of their very eyes, ‘is fatally slow.’ With these words Coroner Crunchester phoned the police station.
Answers : 1. passed away, 2. carried on, 3. look back (up)on, 4. lived up to, 5. fixed the double up with, 6. got on (well), 7. came in for criticism from, 8. gone down with, 9. came up against, 10. looked down on the police, 11. running out of.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Таким образом, мне удалось решить все поставленные задачи. Создан сборник, которым можно пользоваться при подготовке к олимпиадам, когда требуется дополнительная практика в использовании фразовых глаголов.
Во время выполнения этой работы я, к своему удивлению, узнал о существовании огромного количества фразовых глаголов, многие, надеюсь, прочно вошли в мой лексикон. Очень полезным оказалось составление биографий, я открыл для себя ранее неизвестные мне страницы истории Великобритании. Но самым большим открытием для меня стал тот факт, что фразовыми глаголами изобилуют аутентичные английские источники.
Я надеюсь, этот сборник поможет расширить кругозор учащихся и всех тех, кто будет его читать.
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Flower J. Phrasal Verb Organiser with Mini-Dictionary/ Флауэр Д. Английские фразовые глаголы: Сборник упражнений. - Обнинск: Титул, 2001. - 144с.: ил.
Biography [Электронный ресурс] Режим доступа:
http://www.biography.com/
Википедия [Электронный ресурс] Режим доступа:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
